Open the picture in Gimp and store it without the EXIF data.

exiftool -all= -overwrite_original <picture>.jpg removes all EXIF

Create a file with known EXIF data and remove all EXIF data from the jpg, then re-add the known EXIF data back to the jpg. Those 3 steps can be done using the following jpg_exif_cleaner.sh script:

#!/bin/bash

# Show help message
show_help() {
    echo "Usage: $0 /path/to/jpgs"
    echo
    echo "Cleans EXIF data in jpg files."
    echo "Creates cleaned JPGs in the same directory, prefixed with 'clean_'."
    echo
    echo "Options:"
    echo "  -h, --help    Show this help message and exit"
}

# Check for help option
if [[ "$1" == "-h" || "$1" == "--help" ]]; then
    show_help
    exit 0
fi

# Check if a directory was given
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
    echo "Error: No directory provided."
    show_help
    exit 1
fi

# Change to target directory
cd "$1" || { echo "Directory not found: $1"; exit 1; }

# Process JPG files
for file in *.jpg; do
    [ -f "$file" ] || continue  # skip if no matching files
    base="${file%.jpg}"
    clean_file="${base}_clean.jpg"
    echo "$clean_file"

    # Step 1: Save original EXIF
    exiftool -exif:all -tagsFromFile "$file" -o "${base}.exif"

    # Step 2: Strip metadata and write cleaned file
    exiftool -all= -o "$clean_file" "$file"

    # Step 3: Restore EXIF to cleaned file
    exiftool -tagsFromFile "${base}.exif" -exif:all -overwrite_original "$clean_file"

    # Clean up
    rm "${base}.exif"

done