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Type /usr/bin/vcgencmd measure_temp or simply vcgencmd measure_temp to see the SoC temperature
and then decide the way how to cool the Raspberry.
Rule of thumb: Stay under 60°C but spend the money for a heat-sink. If it gets too hot use a PWM fan.
The cooler the better, it will live longer.
Aluminum cases acting as heat-sink are a nice option but glue to the chips and are therefore not well suited if the case needs to be frequently opened.
Reduce power helps to dissipate less https://Raspberrypi-guide.github.io/electronics/power-consumption-tricks https://learn.pi-supply.com/make/how-to-save-power-on-your-Raspberry-pi/ https://blues.io/blog/tips-tricks-optimizing-Raspberry-pi-power/
If desktop is just something that occasionally is used, boot to command line mode.
watch -n 2 vcgencmd measure_temp and observe the effects
If reducing power, and passive heat sinks do not bring the result a fan has to be used.
2 wire fans can be connected to the connector GPIO 5V power pin 2 (or pin 4) and Ground pin 6. 2 wire fans are not recommended, since they run permanently, making noise and get damaged after a while.
Better are 3 wire fans, the fans can be PWM temperature controller via its third pin GPIO14 (pin 8) that is configured using the performance entry in sudo raspi-config
The Raspberry model 5 has a dedicated 4 pin fan connector that is controlled by the firmware and configured in /boot/firmware/config.txt see /boot/firmware/overlays/README for the parameters that can be added
ls /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon2/ shows files having status information about the fan
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon2/fan1_input shows the fan speed
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon2/pwm1 shows the pwm speed of the fan
The result of the configuration can be found in /proc/device-tree/cooling_fan however this is binary data. dtc is a complicated tool to read the device-tree.
If the raspberry 5 runs with a graphical desktop and no significant load its temperature rises versus 50°C the default temperature when fan starts to spin. If no screen is attached it is worth to disable the graphical desktop or install a headless Raspberry OS.
Compared to a Raspberry 4 the Raspberry 5 gets hotter.
See https://argon40.com or https://argon40.com/products/argon-fan-hat
Make sure heatsinks are not too tall
The manual tells to run curl https://download.argon40.com/argonfanhat.sh | bash this run the script directly when it is coming from the Internet. This means running something unknown without seeing it and even with sudo inside. This should scare every system administrator.
A more safe approach is taking a fresh and empty Raspberry PI OS installation and curl https://download.argon40.com/argonfanhat.sh > argonfanhat.sh to save the script, observe it (it has 800 lines). The script installs and downloads a lot and is quite complex.
Run it as bash -x argonfanhat.sh | tee argon_install.log then observe install.log what happened.
sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep argon to look for systemd units
Creates symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/argononed.service to /lib/systemd/system/argononed.service
sudo find /etc /usr -iname '*argon*' to look for configurations and scripts
/etc/argon/argon_uninstall.sh shows also things that got installed
Final Comment: Is it worth all of this just for a fan?
argonone-config to configure
cat /etc/argononed.conf shows the temperature fan speed table
argonone-uninstall to uninstall
The features for the button are:
short press when off turns it on
short press when on does nothing
long press when on put Raspberry into soft shutdown
double press when on reboots Raspberry
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